all knowledge that is divorced from justice should be called cunning rather than wisdom

Not only must all knowledge that is divorced from justice be called cunning rather than wisdom, but even the courage that is prompted to face danger, if it is inspired not by public spirit, but by its own selfish purposes, should have the name of effrontery rather than of courage. Cicero quoting Plato. De Officiis. Book 1. Section 63.


Image: Achilles' surrender of Briseis to Agamemnon, from the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii, fresco, 1st century CE, now in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples, Italy. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons contributor Marie-Lan Nguyen.

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