The influence of punishment and reward

For there are two influences at work in the education of the young: the punishments suffered by wrongdoers and the reward available to the virtuous. With these alternatives before their eyes they are deterred by fear from the one and attracted by desire for honor to the other. Lycurgus. Against Leocrates. Book 1. Section 10.



Image: Closeup of Portrait of a Roman Youth with attributes of Apollo Italy Mid-2nd century CE Marble photographed at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri. This second-century CE portrait of a youth has many characteristics of fifth and fourth century BCE Greek sculpture such as the shift of the boy's weight and the idealized character of his entire body. The relatively realistic style of the head is, however, Roman. The us the sculpture combines Greek and Roman styles.
A quiver to the boy's right suggests that he is being identified with the god Apollo, who was often shown carrying a bow and arrows. Because in Roman Imperial times the deceased were sometimes sculpted as deities to indicate that they had become immortal, this boy's sculpture was probably carved after his death.

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